A few years ago, Amy Lopes, a veteran fifth-grade teacher in Providence, Rhode Island, learned that teachers at her school could try a mindfulness and yoga training along with their students. Her immediate reaction: “What a bunch of baloney!”
“I said, ‘OK, I’ll try it, but it’s not going to work,’ ” recalled Lopes, who teaches at the William D’Abate Elementary School. “But, within a couple weeks, I just let go and became a learner along with my students, and my whole world has changed.”
That training was given by a nearby nonprofit that had recently changed its name — from Resilient Kids to the Center for Resilience — because, said founder and executive director Vanessa Weiner, whenever trainers visited a school to work with students, “we kept hearing from teachers who said, ‘We need this, too.’ ”
Teacher stress is growing, experts say, pushing educators out of classrooms and hurting learning. On top of chronic underfunding for education and the continued pressure of standardized tests, there’s also the unrelenting pace of newer education reforms.
About 28 percent of teachers are “chronically absent” (more than 10 school days a year). Stress is linked to many physical ailments, including migraines, asthma, and heart disease.
The mounting stress levels have sparked a trend of “resilience” trainings and workshops, which typically include yoga, mindfulness and meditation. Some educators worry that the push for resilience lets a broken system off the hook, arguing that more energy should go toward fixing what causes stress, not just helping teachers endure it.
“As we can see from the abysmal teacher attrition rates still going on, we need to do something more than just ask teachers to buck up and meditate,” said Jason Margolis, a Duquesne University professor of education.
But backers of these programs say that frazzled, emotionally exhausted teachers need coping strategies now, and that need isn’t likely to disappear anytime soon.
Teaching ranks among the most stressful professions, according to Gallup research from 2014, in which about half of teachers reported high daily stress at work, tying medical professionals for the most-stressful jobs.
While it’s hard to say precisely how much stress educators face, experts say the sources of stress have multiplied in recent years, including a constant stream of new reform efforts, ranging from technology platforms to personalized learning initiatives.
“Too often in school transformation efforts, nobody acknowledges up front that it’s going to be a slog, even when everybody in these schools wants to do something different,” said Deborah Delisle, president of the nonprofit Alliance for Excellent Education, and a former assistant secretary of elementary and secondary education in the Obama administration. “You have to recognize that before you get to the other side of that transformation, your stress is going to skyrocket.”
“I love my students. I don’t want to leave teaching. But I just felt really empty. Emotionally, I was at the end of my rope.”
Teacher stress fuels turnover, and staff shortages are hitting districts nationwide. About 8 percent of teachers leave the profession annually, and only half of those leaving retire, according to a 2017 report by the Learning Policy Institute, an education think tank. The biggest reason non-retiring teachers leave the classroom, the report noted, is dissatisfaction at work (55 percent).
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Among teachers who stay on the job, about 28 percent are “chronically absent” (more than 10 school days a year), according to the most recent Department of Education statistics, which cover the 2015-16 academic year. While teachers can miss work for any number of reasons, stress can trigger a slew of physical ailments, such as migraines, asthma, obesity and heart disease. Indeed, that’s why wellness — eating right, exercising and rest—features prominently in many teacher stress management plans, including the ones developed for the Atlanta schools working with Georgia State University’s Center for Research on School Safety, School Climate, and Classroom Management.
The center’s original mandate was to study a range of student mental health and safety issues, such as bullying. But the director, Kris Varjas, said that local school leaders kept telling researchers, “What we’re really concerned about is the stress level of teachers.”
When stressed teachers quit, it’s often called burnout, but Doris Santoro, a Bowdoin College education professor, dislikes that term. Burnout, she said, wrongly implies that the ex-teachers simply weren’t up to the challenge of their profession. According to Santoro, it isn’t workload that usually pushes teachers out of the profession but rather a disconnect between “deeply held values about what teaching is and what students need, and what school leaders expect them to do.”
Santoro, who published a book last year about why teachers quit, said school reform initiatives often rely on prepackaged curricula, for example, that rob teachers of the flexibility to adapt lessons to students and find creative ways to engage them. Frustration can build even when teachers agree with the premise of a reform.
“Teacher stress is often about teachers being frustrated with something that’s not succeeding with their students.”
“Maybe they think what they’re being asked to do is great, but they’re being pulled into a training once a week and can’t get any purchase in their classrooms,” she said. “If you look more deeply, teacher stress is often about teachers being frustrated with something that’s not succeeding with their students.”
The attention now being paid to teacher stress sprang from the recent and growing focus on student stress and its impact on learning. The Center for Resilience, for instance, offers teachers a two-part training — first, building their own practice of mindfulness and self-care; then, a second round to help bring mindfulness to their classrooms, with breathing techniques, glitter jars (which students shake and silently watch settle) and other practices such as body scans (closed-eyes focusing of attention on different regions of one’s body).
“Teachers are trying to manage classrooms just by saying, ‘Calm down and pay attention,’ but we need to give kids the tools to be able to do those things,” said Weiner, and teachers need to practice those skills before they can pass them on to students. “The analogy is that you can’t teach somebody to play piano if you don’t know how to play piano.”
Lopes, the fifth-grade teacher in Providence, credits mindfulness with a big drop in student behavior issues, and for helping de-stress her own hectic life, which includes two kids, elderly relatives she cares for and additional work hours at her after-school program.
“Mindfulness has allowed me to focus on what has to get done,” said Lopes, “and not to judge myself so harshly if I forget one or two things.”
Studies also suggest that lower teacher stress improves student learning. In 2017, for example, University of Missouri researchers compared students’ behavior problems and their math and reading scores with their teachers’ self-reported stress levels and coping abilities. Students with low-stress teachers had the highest test scores and the best behavior. What’s more, in classes led by highly stressed teachers, students’ behavior and math test scores got worse when those teachers reported less ability to cope with their stress (there was no significant change in reading scores).
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Of course, these results show correlation, not causation. Does teacher stress contribute to student academic and behavior struggles, or is it the other way around?
“I suspect the relationship is reciprocal. They build off each other,” said the study’s lead author, Keith Herman, who wrote the book “Stress Management for Teachers” (2014) with study co-author and fellow education professor Wendy Reinke.
Patricia Jennings, a University of Virginia professor of education, agrees, calling it the “burnout cascade.”
“I spent many years observing classrooms, and what I saw blew my mind,” said Jennings, recalling a period earlier in her career when she helped young teachers improve their classroom management. “The teachers’ own stress levels and emotional reactivity were causing problems in their classrooms.” Emotionally exhausted teachers were more likely to overreact to minor student stumbles, and such reactions spiked student stress in turn, leading to more discipline issues, and so on, spiraling downward.
“I believe that teacher and student stress underlie a lot of our problems with learning. If we want to improve our test scores, then let’s all calm down.”
“You can’t learn when you’re stressed,” said Jennings. With adrenaline and cortisol coursing through your veins, you can’t think deeply about a problem, or immerse yourself in a book, which is partly why schools have been adding “social-emotional learning” lessons to help students cultivate empathy, resolve conflicts and manage their emotions. But, it’s hard to calm kids down with stressed-out teachers.
“I believe that teacher and student stress underlie a lot of our problems with learning,” said Jennings. “If we want to improve our test scores, then let’s all calm down.”
To that end, Jennings has spent more than a decade working with colleagues on a 30-hour mindfulness-based professional development program for teachers called CARE (Cultivating Awareness and Resilience in Education). As part of the training, stretched across several weeks, teachers explore the cognitive and physical links to their emotions in order to better regulate them, and they role-play stressful classroom situations to practice mindful responses.
CARE proved effective in a 2017 clinical trial, in which 224 elementary school teachers interested in the training were randomly assigned to a participant group or to a control group that was waitlisted until the research was complete. Using a combination of teacher questionnaires and classroom observations, Jennings and her team found that CARE increased teachers’ control of their emotions and reduced their stress, while also improving their sleep and making them feel less hurried overall.
But schools don’t often put time or resources into fighting teacher stress until it grows into a serious problem and teachers are eyeing the exits, said Jennings.
“As we can see from the abysmal teacher attrition rates still going on, we need to do something more than just ask teachers to buck up and meditate.”
“There’s going to be a crisis coming soon, if there isn’t one already,” she said, noting teacher shortages and lower enrollment in teacher preparation programs. “Unfortunately, it may require a crisis for society to pay attention.”
Early on a recent Saturday, about 100 Boston-area educators filled a local high school cafeteria that had been cleared of tables to make space for yoga mats and was softly lit by a winter sun. The gathering was part of a 200-hour training in mindfulness, meditation, yoga instruction and community building offered in several cities by a company called Breathe for Change, based in Madison, Wisconsin.
That Saturday was the fourth of 18 sessions in the Breathe for Change program, and the lead trainer, Tui Roper, announced that the day’s theme was gratitude.
“As teachers, we have trouble accepting gratitude. We brush it off a lot: ‘This is our job.’ And so, we block that gift of gratitude,” Roper told the assembled, before instructing half of them to form an inward-facing circle and close their eyes.
The rest of the teachers paced silently around the circle’s perimeter, and every minute or so Roper prompted them to touch the shoulder of anyone who had inspired them, taught them something, brought them joy or whom they loved, et cetera. As the shoulder touches continued, a second trainer walked inside the circle with a box of tissues as, one by one, the teachers gave in and cried.
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Later, during a break, several of the teachers explained why they were there. Some said they were struggling to help students who were experiencing poverty or other trauma.
“We need to be not only teachers, but social workers, and nurses, and mommies, and daddies sometimes,” observed Danita Kelley-Brewster, assistant principal of Boston’s Charles H. Taylor Elementary School.
Other participants were simply worn out. “I love my students. I don’t want to leave teaching,” said Amy Martinez, an English teacher with the Central Massachusetts Collaborative, a multi-site special education partnership in Worcester. “But I just felt really empty. Emotionally, I was at the end of my rope.”
Still, some education experts question the focus on teacher resilience.
Margolis has looked at ways schools can cultivate teacher-leaders to shepherd big new initiatives, “rather than bring in a lot of outside consultants to do top-down professional development.”
In one model, trained teacher-leaders spend about half their time in their own classrooms and half coaching their colleagues, including co-teaching classes. “And when they meet, they talk about how to roll a reform out in a teacher-centered way, which often includes dealing with the stress of it,” said Margolis. “If it’s done well, then you get open honest dialogue about what’s working and what’s not, and ‘How can we make this work at our school with our kids in a way that’s least stressful?’ ”
Backers of resilience training say it’s a matter of triage, and they need to help educators who are struggling right now.
Indeed, the large crowd of teachers at the Boston training was testament to the growing demand for coping skills. Not only did the participants give up several months of Saturdays, but most of them paid the $2,650 tuition themselves (Breathe for Change offers needs-based scholarships).
Proponents contend that more-resilient teachers make a stronger foundation to push for broader changes, both school and districtwide. According to Janet Baird, an associate with Bright Morning Consulting, which helps district leaders and teacher coaches add mindfulness to their usual focus on instruction and assessments, “If we boost the resilience of individual educators, then they’ll have more energy to address the organizational and systemic issues.”
Likewise, Kirsten Olson, founder of Old Sow Coaching and Consulting, which helps schools navigate transformation, argues that school leaders encouraging discussions about teacher stress can be a powerful first step toward an overall change in school culture. It’s not easy to make room for these tough conversations in a workplace where, traditionally, Olsen said, “all the professional development has to fit into 90 minutes, once a month, on a Wednesday afternoon.”
At Breathe for Change, the focus starts with the “transformation of self,” then broadens to a focus on “transformation of relationships” and the “transformation of community.” During a midday break at the Boston training, teachers sat on their yoga mats and ate packed lunches. Leaning against a wall, Martinez, the Worcester English teacher, looked forward to the outward-focused sessions, but was happy, for now, to give her own psyche some TLC. She recalled the first Saturday of training, when she walked in not knowing anyone.
“We started in a big circle, and just to know that there were 100 other educators here who understood what I’m dealing with, emotionally and academically, all the pieces of it,” she said. “There was already a sense of community and connectedness that was very uplifting.”
Martinez now starts her mornings with a brief guided meditation she found on YouTube. “I get to work with a much better spirit,” she said. “I always had a joy in my work, but my energy was down. Now. I feel my energy is coming back, and I feel like my old self a little bit.”
This story about resilience training exercises was produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the Hechinger newsletter.
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